A view is effectively a collection of templates and/or variable definitions which can be passed around as a self-contained unit. This then represents a particular interface or presentation style for other objects or items of data.
You can use views to implement custom "skins" for an application or
content set. You can use them to help simplify the presentation of common
objects or data types. You can even use then to automate the presentation
of complex data structures such as that generated in an
XML::DOM tree or similar. You let an iterator do the
walking, and the view does the talking (or in this case, the presenting).
Voila - you have view independent, structure shy traversal using
templates.
In general, views can be used in a number of different ways to achieve several different things. They elegantly solve some problems which were otherwise difficult or complicated, and make easy some things that were previously hard.
At the moment, they're still very experimental. The directive syntax and underlying API are likely to change quite considerably over the next version or two. Please be very wary about building your multi-million dollar e-commerce solutions based around this feature.
The VIEW directive starts a view definition and includes a
name by which the view can be referenced. The view definition continues
up to the matching END directive.
[% VIEW myview %] ... [% END %]
The first role of a view is to act as a collector and provider of
templates. The include() method can be called on a view to
effectively do the same thing as the INCLUDE directive. The
template name is passed as the first argument, followed by any local
variable definitions for the template.
[% myview.include('header', title='The Title') %] # equivalent to [% INCLUDE header title='The Title' %]
Views accept a number of configuration options which can be used to
control different aspects of their behaviour. The 'prefix'
and 'suffix' options can be specified to add a fixed prefix
and/or suffix to the name of each template.
[% VIEW myview
prefix = 'my/'
suffix = '.tt2' ;
END
%]
Now the call
[% myview.include('header', title='The Title') %]
is equivalent to
[% INCLUDE my/header.tt2 title='The Title' %]
Views provide an AUTOLOAD method which maps method names to
the include() method. Thus, the following are all
equivalent:
[% myview.include('header', title='Hello World') %] [% myview.include_header(title='Hello World') %] [% myview.header(title='Hello World') %]
A VIEW definition can include BLOCK definitions
which remain local to the view. A request for a particular template will
return a BLOCK, if defined, in preference to any other
template of the same name.
[% BLOCK foo %] public foo block [% END %] [% VIEW plain %] [% BLOCK foo %] plain foo block [% END %] [% END %] [% VIEW fancy %] [% BLOCK foo %] fancy foo block [% END %] [% END %] [% INCLUDE foo %] # public foo block [% plain.foo %] # plain foo block [% fancy.foo %] # fancy foo block
In addition to BLOCK definitions, a VIEW can
contain any other template directives. The entire VIEW
definition block is processed to initialise the view but no output is
generated (this may change RSN - and get stored as 'output'
item, subsequently accessible as [% view.output %]).
However, directives that have side-effects, such as those that update a
variable, will have noticeable consequences.
Views can also be used to save the values of any existing variables, or
to create new ones at the point at which the view is defined. Unlike
simple template metadata (META) which can only contain
static string values, the view initialisation block can contain any
template directives and generate any kind of dynamic output and/or data
items.
[% VIEW my_web_site %] [% view.title = title or 'My Cool Web Site' %] [% view.author = "$abw.name, $abw.email" %] [% view.sidebar = INCLUDE my/sidebar.tt2 %] [% END %]
Note that additional data items can be specified as arguments to the
VIEW directive. Anything that doesn't look like a
configuration parameter is assumed to be a data item. This can be a
little hazardous, of course, because you never know when a new
configuration item might get added which interferes with your data.
[% VIEW my_web_site # config options prefix = 'my/' # misc data title = title or 'My Cool Web Site' author = "$abw.name, $abw.email" sidebar = INCLUDE my/sidebar.tt2 %] ... [% END %]
Outside of the view definition you can access the view variables as, for example:
[% my_web_site.title %]
One important feature is the equivalence of simple variables and
templates. You can implement the view item 'title' as a
simple variable, a template defined in an external file, possibly with a
prefix/suffix automatically appended, or as a local BLOCK
definition within the [% VIEW %] ... [% END %] definition.
If you use the syntax above then the view will Do The Right Thing to
return the appropriate output.
At the END of the VIEW definition the view is
"sealed" to prevent you from accidentally updating any variable values.
If you attempt to change the value of a variable after the
END of the VIEW definition block then a
view error will be thrown.
[% TRY;
my_web_site.title = 'New Title';
CATCH;
error;
END
%]
The error above will be reported as:
view error - cannot update item in sealed view: title
The same is true if you pass a parameter to a view variable. This is interpreted as an attempt to update the variable and will raise the same warning.
[% my_web_site.title('New Title') %] # view error!
You can set the silent parameter to have the view ignore
these parameters and simply return the variable value.
[% VIEW my_web_site silent = 1 title = title or 'My Cool Web Site' # ... ; END %] [% my_web_site.title('Blah Blah') %] # My Cool Web Site
Alternately, you can specify that a view is unsealed allowing existing variables to be updated and new variables defined.
[% VIEW my_web_site sealed = 0 title = title or 'My Cool Web Site' # ... ; END %] [% my_web_site.title('Blah Blah') %] # Blah Blah [% my_web_site.title %] # Blah Blah
Views can be inherited from previously defined views by use of the
base parameter. This example shows how a base class view is
defined which applies a view/default/ prefix to all template
names.
[% VIEW my.view.default
prefix = 'view/default/';
END
%]
Thus the directive:
[% my.view.default.header(title='Hello World') %]
is now equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE view/default/header title='Hello World' %]
A second view can be defined which specifies the default view as a base.
[% VIEW my.view.fancy
base = my.view.default
prefix = 'view/fancy/';
END
%]
Now the directive:
[% my.view.fancy.header(title='Hello World') %]
will resolve to:
[% INCLUDE view/fancy/header title='Hello World' %]
or if that doesn't exist, it will be handled by the base view as:
[% INCLUDE view/default/header title='Hello World' %]
When a parent view is specified via the base parameter, the
delegation of a view to its parent for fetching templates and accessing
user defined variables is automatic. You can also implement your own
inheritance, delegation or other reuse patterns by explicitly delegating
to other views.
[% BLOCK foo %] public foo block [% END %] [% VIEW plain %] [% BLOCK foo %] <plain>[% PROCESS foo %]</plain> [% END %] [% END %] [% VIEW fancy %] [% BLOCK foo %] [% plain.foo | replace('plain', 'fancy') %] [% END %] [% END %] [% plain.foo %] # <plain>public foo block</plain> [% fancy.foo %] # <fancy>public foo block</fancy>
Note that the regular INCLUDE/PROCESS/WRAPPER directives
work entirely independently of views and will always get the original,
unaltered template name rather than any local per-view definition.
A reference to the view object under definition is available with the
VIEW ... END block by its specified name and also by the
special name 'view' (similar to the my $self =
shift; in a Perl method or the 'this' pointer in C++,
etc). The view is initially unsealed allowing any data items to be
defined and updated within the VIEW ... END block. The view
is automatically sealed at the end of the definition block, preventing
any view data from being subsequently changed.
(NOTE: sealing should be optional. As well as sealing a view to prevent
updates (SEALED), it should be possible to set an option in
the view to allow external contexts to update existing variables
(UPDATE) or even create totally new view variables
(CREATE)).
[% VIEW fancy %] [% fancy.title = 'My Fancy Title' %] [% fancy.author = 'Frank Open' %] [% fancy.col = { bg => '#ffffff', bar => '#a0a0ff' } %] [% END %]
or
[% VIEW fancy %] [% view.title = 'My Fancy Title' %] [% view.author = 'Frank Open' %] [% view.col = { bg => '#ffffff', bar => '#a0a0ff' } %] [% END %]
It makes no real difference in this case if you refer to the view by its
name, 'fancy', or by the general name, 'view'.
Outside of the view block, however, you should always use the given name,
'fancy':
[% fancy.title %] [% fancy.author %] [% fancy.col.bg %]
The choice of given name or 'view' is much more important
when it comes to BLOCK definitions within a
VIEW. It is generally recommended that you use
'view' inside a VIEW definition because this is
guaranteed to be correctly defined at any point in the future when the
block gets called. The original name of the view might have long since
been changed or reused but the self-reference via 'view'
should always be intact and valid.
Take the following VIEW as an example:
[% VIEW foo %] [% view.title = 'Hello World' %] [% BLOCK header %] Title: [% view.title %] [% END %] [% END %]
Even if we rename the view, or create a new foo variable,
the header block still correctly accesses the title
attribute of the view to which it belongs. Whenever a view
BLOCK is processed, the view variable is always
updated to contain the correct reference to the view object to which it
belongs.
[% bar = foo %] [% foo = { title => "New Foo" } %] # no problem [% bar.header %] # => Title: Hello World
When it comes to view inheritance, it's always a good idea to take a local copy of a parent or delegate view and store it as an attribute within the view for later use. This ensures that the correct view reference is always available, even if the external name of a view has been changed.
[% VIEW plain %] ... [% END %] [% VIEW fancy %] [% view.plain = plain %] [% BLOCK foo %] [% view.plain.foo | replace('plain', 'fancy') %] [% END %] [% END %] [% plain.foo %] # => <plain>public foo block</plain> [% plain = 'blah' %] # no problem [% fancy.foo %] # => <fancy>public foo block</fancy>
Another key role of a view is to act as a dispatcher to automatically
apply the correct template to present a particular object or data item.
This is handled via the print() method.
Here's an example:
[% VIEW foo %] [% BLOCK text %] Some text: [% item %] [% END %] [% BLOCK hash %] a hash: [% FOREACH key = item.keys.sort -%] [% key %] => [% item.$key %] [% END -%] [% END %] [% BLOCK list %] a list: [% item.sort.join(', ') %] [% END %] [% END %]
We can now use the view to print text, hashes or lists. The
print() method includes the right template depending on the
typing of the argument (or arguments) passed.
[% some_text = 'I read the news today, oh boy.' %] [% a_hash = { house => 'Lords', hall => 'Albert' } %] [% a_list = [ 'sure', 'Nobody', 'really' ] %] [% view.print(some_text) %] # Some text: I read the news today, oh boy. [% view.print(a_hash) %] # a hash: hall => Albert house => Lords [% view.print(a_list) %] # a list: Nobody, really, sure
You can also provide templates to print objects of any other class. The
class name is mapped to a template name with all non-word character
sequences such as '::' converted to a single
'_'.
[% VIEW foo %] [% BLOCK Foo_Bar %] a Foo::Bar object: thingies: [% view.print(item.thingies) %] doodahs: [% view.print(item.doodahs) %] [% END %] [% END %] [% USE fubar = Foo::Bar(...) %] [% foo.print(fubar) %]
Note how we use the view object to display various items within the
objects ('thingies' and 'doodahs'). We don't
need to worry what kind of data these represent (text, list, hash, etc)
because we can let the view worry about it, automatically mapping the
data type to the correct template.
Views may define their own type => template map.
[% VIEW foo map = { TEXT => 'plain_text', ARRAY => 'show_list', HASH => 'show_hash', My::Module => 'template_name' default => 'any_old_data' } %] [% BLOCK plain_text %] ... [% END %] ... [% END %]
They can also provide a default map entry, specified as part
of the map hash or as a parameter by itself.
[% VIEW foo map = { ... }, default = 'whatever' %] ... [% END %]
or
[% VIEW foo %] [% view.map = { ... } view.default = 'whatever' %] ... [% END %]
The print() method provides one more piece of magic. If you
pass it a reference to an object which provides a present()
method, then the method will be called passing the view as an argument.
This then gives any object a chance to determine how it should be
presented via the view.
package Foo::Bar;
...
sub present {
my ($self, $view) = @_;
return "a Foo::Bar object:\n"
. "thingies: " . $view->print($self->{ _THINGIES }) . "\n"
. "doodahs: " . $view->print($self->{ _DOODAHS }) . "\n";
}
The object is free to delve deeply into its innards and mess around with
its own private data, before presenting the relevant data via the view.
In a more complex example, a present() method might walk
part of a tree making calls back against the view to present different
nodes within the tree. We may not want to expose the internal structure
of the tree (because that would break encapsulation and make our
presentation code dependant on it) but we want to have some way of
walking the tree and presenting items found in a particular manner.
This is known as Structure Shy Traversal. Our view object doesn't
require prior knowledge about the internal structure of any data set to
be able to traverse it and present the data contained therein. The data
items themselves, via the present() method, can implement
the internal iterators to guide the view along the right path to
presentation happiness.
The upshot is that you can use views to greatly simplify the display of
data structures like XML::DOM trees. The documentation for
the Template::Plugin::XML::DOM module contains an example of
this. In essence, it looks something like this:
XML source:
<user name="Andy Wardley">
<project id="iCan" title="iCan, but theyCan't"/>
<project id="p45" title="iDid, but theyDidn't"/>
</user>
TT View:
[% VIEW fancy %] [% BLOCK user %] User: [% item.name %] [% item.content(myview) %] [% END %] [% BLOCK project %] Project: [% project.id %] - [% project.name %] [% END %] [% END %]
Generate view:
[% USE dom = XML.DOM %] [% fancy.print(dom.parse(xml_source)) %]
Output:
User: Andy Wardley Project: iCan - iCan, but theyCan't Project: p45 - iDid, but theyDidn't
The same approach can be applied to many other areas. Here's an example
from the File/Directory plugins.
[% VIEW myview %] [% BLOCK file %] - [% item.name %] [% END %] [% BLOCK directory %] * [% item.name %] [% item.content(myview) FILTER indent %] [% END %] [% END %] [% USE dir = Directory(dirpath) %] [% myview.print(dir) %]
And here's the same approach use to convert POD documentation to any other format via template.
[% # load Pod plugin and parse source file into Pod Object Model
USE Pod;
pom = Pod.parse_file(my_pod_file);
# define view to map all Pod elements to "pod/html/xxx" templates
VIEW pod2html
prefix='pod/html';
END;
# now print document via view (i.e. as HTML)
pod2html.print(pom)
%]
Here we simply define a template prefix for the view which causes the
view to look for pod/html/head1,
pod/html/head2, pod/html/over as templates to
present the different sections of the parsed Pod document.
There are some examples in the Template Toolkit test suite: t/pod.t and t/view.t which
may shed some more light on this. See the distribution sub-directory
examples/pod/html for examples of Pod ->
HTML templates.
